Finance-Annuities Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Money Annuities - Speech or Presentation Example 9. Swim Ellis purchases a vehicle forâ $15,002.71. He puts 10% down and gets a basic intrigue amortized credit for the equalization atâ 12â andâ 1/2%â interest for a long time. Following three years and two months of making the base regularly scheduled installment, he sells his vehicle. Locate the unpaid equalization on his advance. (Round every single middle of the road figuring to the closest penny. Round the response to the closest penny.) 10. Four up-and-comers, Harrison (H), Lennon (L), McCartney (M), and Starr (S), are running for territorial director. After the surveys close, positioned polling forms are counted, and the outcomes are summed up in the table. Utilize the majority technique for casting a ballot to decide the champ. 11. The directors of Prints Alive (a nearby silk-screening business) are arranging a gathering for theirâ 44â employees. There are three potential areas for the gathering: the distribution center (W), the recreation center (P), or the sea shore (B). The representatives are approached to rank these decisions arranged by inclination, and the outcomes are summed up in the table. Utilize the moment overflow technique to decide the victor. 12. The chiefs of Prints Alive (a neighborhood silk-screening business) are arranging a gathering for theirâ 40â employees. There are three potential areas for the gathering: the distribution center (W), the recreation center (P), or the sea shore (B). The workers are approached to rank these decisions arranged by inclination, and the outcomes are summed up in the table. Utilize the Borda check technique to decide the

Aryabhata the Great Indian Mathamatician Essay Example

Aryabhata the Great Indian Mathamatician Essay Example Aryabhata the Great Indian Mathamatician Essay Aryabhata the Great Indian Mathamatician Essay Paper Topic: Eva Luna Life story Name While there is an inclination to incorrectly spell his name as Aryabhatta by relationship with different names having the bhatta postfix, his name is appropriately spelled Aryabhata: each galactic content spells his name thus,[1] including Brahmaguptas references to him in excess of a hundred places by name. [2] Furthermore, in many examples Aryabhatta doesn't fit the meter either. [1] [edit] Birth Aryabhata makes reference to in the Aryabhatiya that it was made 3,600 years into the Kali Yuga, when he was 23 years of age. This relates to 499 CE, and infers that he was conceived in 476 CE. Aryabhata gives no data about his place of birth. The main data originates from Bhaskara I, who depicts Aryabhata as asmakiya, one having a place with the asmaka nation. It is broadly bore witness to that, during the Buddhas time, a part of the Asmaka individuals settled in the area between the Narmada and Godavari waterways in focal India, today the South Gujaratâ€North Maharashtra district. Aryabhata is accepted to have been conceived there. [1][3] However, early Buddhist writings depict Ashmaka as being further south, in dakshinapath or the Deccan, while different writings portray the Ashmakas as having battled Alexander, [edit] Work It is genuinely sure that, eventually, he went to Kusumapura for cutting edge contemplates and that he lived there for quite a while. [4] Both Hindu and Buddhist custom, just as Bhaskara I (CE 629), recognize Kusumapura as Pa? aliputra, present day Patna. [1] A stanza makes reference to that Aryabhata was the leader of an organization (kulapa) at Kusumapura, and, in light of the fact that the college of Nalanda was in Pataliputra at that point and had a cosmic observatory, it is guessed that Aryabhata may have been the leader of the Nalanda college too. 1] Aryabhata is additionally presumed to have set up an observatory at the Sun sanctuary in Taregana, Bihar. [5] [edit] Other theories It was proposed that Aryabhata may have been from Tamilnadu, however K. V. Sarma, an expert on Keralas cosmic convention, disagreed[1] and called attention to a few blunders in this theory. [6] Aryabhata makes reference to Lanka on a few events in the Aryabhatiya, however his Lanka is a reflection , representing a point on the equator at a similar longitude as his Ujjayini. [7] [edit] Works Aryabhata is the creator of a few treatises on arithmetic and cosmology, some of which are lost. His significant work, Aryabhatiya, an abridgment of arithmetic and space science, was broadly alluded to in the Indian numerical writing and has made due to present day times. The numerical piece of the Aryabhatiya covers number juggling, variable based math, plane trigonometry, and circular trigonometry. It likewise contains proceeded with divisions, quadratic conditions, entireties of-intensity arrangement, and a table of sines. The Arya-siddhanta, a lost work on galactic calculations, is known through the compositions of Aryabhatas contemporary, Varahamihira, and later mathematicians and observers, including Brahmagupta and Bhaskara I. This work gives off an impression of being founded on the more seasoned Surya Siddhanta and utilizations the 12 PM day figuring, instead of dawn in Aryabhatiya. It likewise contained a portrayal of a few cosmic instruments: the gnomon (shanku-yantra), a shadow instrument (chhAyA-yantra), perhaps edge estimating gadgets, half circle and round (dhanur-yantra/chakra-yantra), a tube shaped stick yasti-yantra, an umbrella-formed gadget called the chhatra-yantra, and water timekeepers of at any rate two sorts, bow-molded and tube shaped. [3] A third book, which may have made due in the Arabic interpretation, is Al ntf or Al-nanf. It asserts that it is an interpretation by Aryabhata, however the Sanskrit name of this work isn't known. Presumably dating from the ninth century, it is referenced by the Persian researcher and recorder of India, Abu Rayhan al-Biruni. [3] [edit] Aryabhatiya Direct subtleties of Aryabhatas work are known uniquely from the Aryabhatiya. The name Aryabhatiya is because of later analysts. Aryabhata himself might not have given it a name. His devotee Bhaskara I calls it Ashmakatantra (or the treatise from the Ashmaka). It is likewise incidentally alluded to as Arya-shatas-aShTa (actually, Aryabhatas 108), on the grounds that there are 108 stanzas in the content. It is written in the exceptionally curt style run of the mill of sutra writing, in which each line is a guide to memory for an unpredictable framework. Along these lines, the explanation of importance is because of observers. The content comprises of the 108 stanzas and 13 early on sections, and is isolated into four padas or parts: Gitikapada: (13 refrains): enormous units of time-kalpa, manvantra, and yuga-which present a cosmology unique in relation to prior writings, for example, Lagadhas Vedanga Jyotisha (c. first century BCE). There is likewise a table of sines (jya), given in a solitary section. The span of the planetary transformations during a mahayuga is given as 4. 32 million years. Ganitapada (33 sections): covering mensuration (k? etra vyavahara), number juggling and geometric movements, gnomon/shadows (shanku-chhAyA), straightforward, quadratic, concurrent, and uncertain conditions (kuTTaka) Kalakriyapada (25 refrains): various units of time and a strategy for deciding the places of planets for a given day, computations concerning the intercalary month (adhikamAsa), kShaya-tithis, and a seven-day week with names for the times of week. Golapada (50 refrains): Geometric/trigonometric parts of the divine circle, highlights of the ecliptic, heavenly equator, hub, state of the earth, reason for day and night, ascending of zodiacal signs on skyline, and so on. What's more, a few renditions refer to a couple of colophons included toward the end, lauding the ethics of the work, and so forth. The Aryabhatiya introduced various developments in arithmetic and space science in stanza structure, which were persuasive for a long time. The outrageous quickness of the content was expounded in analyses by his follower Bhaskara I (Bhashya, c. 600 CE) and by Nilakantha Somayaji in his Aryabhatiya Bhasya, (1465 CE). edit] Mathematics [edit] Place esteem framework and zero The spot esteem framework, first found in the third century Bakhshali Manuscript, was unmistakably set up in his work. While he didn't utilize an image for zero, the French mathematician Georges Ifrah clarifies that information on zero was verifiable in Aryabhatas p lace-esteem framework as a spot holder for the forces of ten with invalid coefficients[8] However, Aryabhata didn't utilize the Brahmi numerals. Proceeding with the Sanskritic convention from Vedic occasions, he utilized letters of the letters in order to mean numbers, communicating amounts, for example, the table of sines in a memory helper structure. 9] [edit] Approximation of ? Aryabhata chipped away at the estimation for pi (? ), and may have arrived at the resolution that ? is nonsensical. In the second piece of the Aryabhatiyam (ga? itapada 10), he composes: caturadhikam satama agu? am dva? an istatha sahasra? am ayutadvayavi? kambhasyasanno v? ttapari? aha?. Add four to 100, duplicate by eight, and afterward include 62,000. By this standard the perimeter of a hover with a distance across of 20,000 can be drawn nearer. [10] This infers the proportion of the perimeter to the distance across is ((4 + 100) ? 8 + 62000)/20000 = 62832/20000 = 3. 416, which is exact to five notewort hy figures. It is hypothesized that Aryabhata utilized the word asanna (drawing nearer), to imply that in addition to the fact that this is an estimation that the worth is incommensurable (or silly). In the event that this is right, it is a significant refined knowledge, on the grounds that the nonsensicalness of pi was demonstrated in Europe just in 1761 by Lambert. [11] After Aryabhatiya was converted into Arabic (c. 820 CE) this guess was referenced in Al-Khwarizmis book on variable based math. [3] [edit] Trigonometry In Ganitapada 6, Aryabhata gives the zone of a triangle as ribhujasya phalashariram samadalakoti bhujardhasamvargah that means: for a triangle, the aftereffect of an opposite with the half-side is the territory. [12] Aryabhata examined the idea of sine in his work by the name of ardha-jya. Actually, it implies half-harmony. For effortlessness, individuals began calling it jya. At the point when Arabic authors interpreted his works from Sanskrit into Arabic, they all uded it as jiba. In any case, in Arabic works, vowels are overlooked, and it was abridged as jb. Later journalists subbed it with jiab, which means inlet or straight. (In Arabic, jiba is an insignificant word. ) Later in the twelfth century, when Gherardo of Cremona interpreted these compositions from Arabic into Latin, he supplanted the Arabic jiab with its Latin partner, sinus, which implies bay or narrows. Furthermore, from that point onward, the sinus became sine in English. [13] [edit] Indeterminate conditions An issue of extraordinary enthusiasm to Indian mathematicians since antiquated occasions has been to discover whole number answers for conditions that have the structure hatchet + by = c, a subject that has come to be known as diophantine conditions. This is a model from Bhaskaras editorial on Aryabhatiya: Find the number which gives 5 as the rest of isolated by 8, 4 as the rest of partitioned by 9, and 1 as the rest of separated by 7 That is, discover N = 8x+5 = 9y+4 = 7z+1. Things being what they are, the littlest incentive for N is 85. All in all, diophantine conditions, for example, this, can be famously troublesome. They were talked about widely in antiquated Vedic content Sulba Sutras, whose progressively old parts may date to 800 BCE. Aryabhatas technique for taking care of such issues is known as the ku otherwise known as ( ) strategy. Kuttaka implies pummeling or breaking into little pieces, and the technique includes a recursive calculation for composing the first factors in littler numbers. Today this calculation, explained by Bhaskara in 621 CE, is the standard technique for tackling first-request diophantine conditions and is frequently alluded to as the Aryabhata calculation. [14] The diophantine conditions are of enthusiasm for cryptology, and the RSA Conference, 2006, concentrated on the kuttaka strategy and earlie

TELETHONNNNN

TELETHONNNNN After my kickboxing class today I ran to the Bush Room and just finished a three hour shift of the Admissions Telethon, calling to congratulate Early Action students on getting into MIT. It was tough. What do you tell a high school senior during a surprise phone call on a balmy January evening? HimynameisConnieandImafreshmanatMIT andIwasjustcallingtocongratulateyouonyourearlyadmissionanddoyouhaveanyquestions? The first few calls were just as surprising for me as they were for the person I called, but I understand if we caught you off guard or in the middle of homework. We had a team of roughly 25 students calling students on the East Coast, slowly moving across the US into the West Coast by 9pm EST. The best part of my job was calling students who were ecstatic that they were getting a call from MIT, their dream school! The room, the fuel and the tool! Luckily after two of my roommates joined me, the process started going a lot smoother. We got a chance to chat with students from Massachusetts, New Jersey (Anjis home state!), Florida, Georgia, Washington (Nicoles home state!), and California (my home state!) Anji after a few successful calls and Nicole after her first one! We tried our best to answer as many questions as possible about CPW, housing, extracurriculars, athletics, campus life and everything in between. In case you thought of any questions or have more, please feel free to email me at connie.huang at mit dot edu or just comment on this post!  Id love to follow up with the students I got a chance to chat with and hear from the ones I didnt get to reach. After Nicole and I finished our eightieth call, we downed the last of our chips and were serenaded by the Chorallaries, in the middle of practice in Lobby 10 for their upcoming competition! Lookin good, Hannah Wood.

William Shakespeare s Pride And Prejudice - 1989 Words

First published in 1813, Pride and Prejudice is a timeless novel that encompasses how life was for women and the act of marriage during this the early 1800’s. Elizabeth Bennet, the main character, lives with her mother, father, and sisters on the English countryside during the 1800s. Elizabeth and her sisters, from the beginning to the end of the novel, are focused on getting the attention of the right man to marry to ensure their security in regards to money and being able to provide for their family as well as to achieve a higher status in society. However, as time goes by, Elizabeth’s true character is uncovered and reveals that she wants to marry someone she loves and not someone who would just provide her with money and status. Elizabeth acting in this way was the opposite of how women were supposed to act, and her actions were noticed by other women in the novel as not normal for a women during this time. The topic of marriage in Pride and Prejudice is controversial as there are many differing views that a women could have about marriage. The main question during this time was: Should women marry out of love or marry for security? There are many instances in Pride and Prejudice where the topic of marriage comes up and the differing views are revealed by the proposal of a few characters: Mr. Collin’s and Elizabeth, Mr. Collin’s and Charlotte, and Mr. Darcy and Elizabeth. Based on the novel Pride and Prejudice as well as during the eighteenth and early nineteenthShow MoreRelatedOthello, By William Shakespeare1218 Words   |  5 Pagesethnicity, key indicators of differences that perpetuated into racial prejudice and racial ideologies are evident in Othello by William Shakespeare. Although racism was not fully formed at this moment in history, Othello can be interpreted as a representation and an exploration of this shift in ideology. In the past, before this change towar d racial differences, religion was the major segretory factor in signifying prejudice towards certain religious groups primarily Islam as a threat to EuropeanRead MoreJane Austen s Life And Prejudice1430 Words   |  6 PagesGeorge Austen. Jane Austen s life was one of the most transformative eras in British history. The American Revolution, The French Revolution, family and societal views caused Jane Austen s life to be influenced in several ways. Jane Austen was a conservative female who spent most of her time writing novels that reflected her views on love, war, reputation, and class. This eventually influenced her to write a literary classic; Pride and Prejudice. Love in Jane Austen s life was one of the most influentialRead MoreThe Taming Of The Shrew By William Shakespeare1097 Words   |  5 PagesFrom the societal struggles of women in Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, to the story of Nora and her domineering and overbearing husband, Torvald, in Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House, the theme of oppression and mistreatment of women has been prevalent throughout literature. The play The Taming of the Shrew, by William Shakespeare, examines this theme by detailing the female-pursuits of 3 men, Lucentio, Hortensio, and Petruchio, and their respective methods of â€Å"seduction†. While Lucentio lies inRead MoreI Know Why The Caged Bird Sings1445 Words   |  6 Pagesthe book that is depicted by all the real characters; actually, the various topics in the book are firmly identified with bigotry, personality and isolation. What s more, the style and sort, and the structure of this scholarly work make huge commitments towa rds its topical advancement, which concentrate on imperviousness to prejudice, the noteworthiness of the family, self-personality and definition and freedom. (Walker 95) contends that I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings is described by topical solidarityRead MoreAnalysis Of Shakespeare s Antigone And Julius Caesar 1297 Words   |  6 PagesPiper Jacobs 12/23/2014 Literature Survey II - Honors Essay: Antigone and Julius Caesar Option 3 The involvement of women is very important in the two stories, Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare and Antigone by Sophocles. Throughout each story it becomes clear that the ideas and biases surrounding women play an important part in how society views women, and how women see themselves. Readers also see these ideas spread into the minds of women affecting what they do in their life, and how they actRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Othello The Moor Of Venice1745 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s Othello the Moor of Venice, is a tragedy of great manipulation and jealousy that exploits the evil in people and how one could take advantage of another based on their weaknesses and flaws; perfect people do not exist in a world filled of temptation, failure, and suffering as Shakespeare proves the consequences of being trustful and naà ¯ve. People of Venice must be aware of the people around them and who they trust because one should live with a reasonable mind in order to avoidRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet2365 Words   |  10 Pagesdull. Sometimes emotions lead people to do things that defeat reason and go against what is ‘right’ in their society. So when do emotions defeat reason? Three books that illustrate strong emotions are, â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† a script by William Shakespeare, â€Å"Pride and Prejudice† a novel by Jane Austen, and â€Å"I am Malala† a memoir by Malala Yousafzai and Christina Lamb. These books help illustrate emotions are stronger than reason because in all books the main characters have to overcome a problem or obstacleRead MoreSupernatural Elements and Impacts in the Play Macbeth:1620 Words   |  7 Pagescircumstances Circumstances are the creatures of man.† Macbeth, throughout the play, is presented as one much above the ordinary beings, and, as such, he fulfils the basic -requirements of being a tragic hero. Shakespeare, introduces him as a brave general, a bold, resolute man of action who through as also referred to â€Å"Valor’s minion†, â€Å"Bellona’s bridegroom’’, the king’s ‘’valiant cousin’’, a very â€Å"eagle’’ among ‘’sparrows’’, a ‘’lion’’ among ‘’hares’’. It is aRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1882 Words   |  8 Pagesstar-crossed lovers that were doomed from the start, and their love ended in great tragedy. Violent events caused by the two lovers brought peace to the age-old feuding families with their own death. Romeo and Juliet is a short play written by William Shakespeare. The play takes place in medieval V erona where two feuding families, the Capulets and the Montagues, are constantly disputing and their fights and arguments dictate the day. Romeo and Juliet, who are both from two different houses, meets inRead MoreËÆ∠«Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒâ€žÃƒ ¤Ãƒâ€šÃƒâ€¡Ã¢â€° ¤ÃƒÅ Ãƒâ€" ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢Ë† Ãƒ ©Ãƒâ€šÃƒâ€¦Ãƒ ¨Ãƒâ€¹ÃƒÅ¸Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒâ€žÃƒ £Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢Ë† Ã¢â€°  Ãƒ Ãƒ ¶Ãƒâ€˜Ãƒ Ãƒ  Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ Ãƒâ€°Ãƒâ€"ËßÇÂà ­Ãƒ ¥Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ©Ãƒ ¶Ãƒâ€šÃƒÅ¸Ã‚ ªÃƒâ€¹ÃƒÅ¸Ãƒâ€¡4201 Words   |  17 Pages《å‚ ²Ã¦â€¦ ¢Ã¤ ¸Å½Ã¥  Ã¨ § Ã£â‚¬â€¹Ã¦Ëœ ¯Ã¥ ¥ ¥Ã¦â€" ¯Ã¦ ±â‚¬Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¤ ¼Å¸Ã¥ ¤ §Ã¨â€˜â€"ä ½Å"ï ¼Å'Ã¥ ° Ã¨ ¯ ´Ã¤ ¸ ­Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¥â€ºâ€ºÃ¦ ® µÃ¥ ©Å¡Ã¥ § »Ã¥Å¸ ºÃ¦Å" ¬Ã¥ ®Å'å… ¨Ã¦ ¦â€šÃ¦â€¹ ¬Ã¤ ºâ€ Ã¥ ½â€œÃ¦â€" ¶Ã§ ¤ ¾Ã¤ ¼Å¡Ã¤ ¸ ­Ã§Ë† ±Ã¦Æ'…å’Å'Ã¥ ©Å¡Ã¥ § »Ã§Å¡â€žÃ§Å  ¶Ã¥â€  µ.Ã¥ ° Ã¨ ¯ ´Ã©â‚¬Å¡Ã¨ ¿â€¡Ã¥ ¯ ¹Ã¥â€ºâ€ºÃ§ § Ã¤ ¸ Ã¥ Å'Ã¥ ©Å¡Ã¥ § »Ã¥â€™Å'çˆ ±Ã¦Æ'…çš„æ  Ã¥â€ â„¢Ã¯ ¼Å'è § £Ã¦Å¾ Ã¥â€™Å'æŽ ¢Ã¨ ® ¨Ã¯ ¼Å'充分ä ½â€œÃ§Å½ °Ã¤ ºâ€ Ã¤ ½Å"者的ç ˆ ±Ã¦Æ'…å’Å'Ã¥ ©Å¡Ã¥ § »Ã¨ §â€šÃ£â‚¬â€šÃ¨ ¿â„¢Ã§ ¯â€¡Ã¨ ® ºÃ¦â€"‡å ° ±Ã¦Ëœ ¯Ã©â‚¬Å¡Ã¨ ¿â€¡Ã¥ ¯ ¹Ã¨ ¿â„¢Ã¥â€ºâ€ºÃ¦ ® µÃ¥ ©Å¡Ã¥ § »Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¨ ¯ ¦Ã§ »â€ Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¥Ë†â€ Ã¦Å¾ Ã¯ ¼Å'æ  ¥Ã¦Å½ ¢Ã¨ ® ¨Ã£â‚¬Å Ã¥â€š ²Ã¦â€¦ ¢Ã¤ ¸Å½Ã¥  Ã¨ § Ã£â‚¬â€¹Ã¤ ¸ ­Ã§Å¡â€žÃ§Ë† ±Ã¦Æ'…è §â€šÃ¥â€™Å'Ã¥ ©Å¡Ã¥ § »Ã¨ §â€šÃ£â‚¬â€šÃ©â€š £Ã¥ ° ±Ã¦Ëœ ¯Ã¯ ¼Å¡Ã¦ â€¹Ã§Ë† ±Ã¥ ©Å¡Ã¥ § »Ã¤ ¸Å½Ã¨ ´ ¢Ã¤ º §Ã¥â€™Å'ç ¤ ¾Ã¤ ¼Å¡Ã¥Å" °Ã¤ ½ Ã§â€º ¸Ã¤ ºâ€™Ã¥â€¦ ³Ã¨ â€Ã¯ ¼Å'ä ½â€ Ã¦ â€¹Ã§Ë† ±Ã¥ ©Å¡Ã¥ § »Ã¤ ¸ Ã¨Æ' ½Ã¤ »â€¦Ã¥ â€"å† ³Ã¤ ºÅ½Ã¨ ´ ¢Ã¤ º §Ã¥â€™Å'ç ¤ ¾Ã¤ ¼Å¡Ã¥Å" °Ã¤ ½ ,æ ­ £Ã§ ¡ ®Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¥ ©Å¡Ã¥ § »Ã¥ ºâ€Ã¥ ½â€œÃ¥ » ºÃ§ «â€¹Ã¥Å" ¨Ã§â€º ¸Ã¤ ºâ€™Ã§Ë† ±Ã¦â€¦â€¢Ã£â‚¬ Ã§â€º ¸Ã¤ ºâ€™Ã¥ °Å Ã©â€¡ Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¥Å¸ ºÃ§ ¡â‚¬Ã¤ ¸Å Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¥ ¥ ¹Ã¦â€" ¢Ã¥  Ã¥ ¯ ¹Ã¤ ¸ ºÃ©â€™ ±Ã¨â‚¬Å'ç »â€œÃ¥ ©Å¡Ã¯ ¼Å'ä ¹Å¸Ã¥  Ã¥ ¯ ¹Ã¨ ½ »Ã§Å½â€¡Ã§ »â€œÃ¥ ©Å¡Ã¯ ¼Å'Ã¥ ¼ ºÃ¨ °Æ'Ã¥ ©Å¡Ã¥ § »Ã¤ ¸ ­Ã¦â€žÅ¸Ã¦Æ'…å›  Ã§ ´  Ã§Å¡â€žÃ©â€¡ Ã¨ ¦ Ã¦â‚¬ §Ã£â‚¬â€š å… ³Ã©â€ ®Ã¨ ¯  çˆ ±Ã¦Æ'…; Ã¥ ©Å¡Ã¥ § »; 金é’ ±; ç ¤ ¾Ã¤ ¼Å¡Ã¥Å" °Ã¤ ½     Introduction Pride and prejudice the book about commonplace things and ordinary people, is one of Jane Austen’s famous book, being the representative of realistic literature. It portrays, with special sensitive characteristic of female writers, the life and ideas of middle

The Victorian Era Of Fashion - 1286 Words

The Victorian Era of fashion was worn between 1837 and 1901, and was named after Britain’s Queen Victoria. During this era women had very little power or influence, but had a huge passion for fashion. Popular women s figure was hourglass and thus resulted in the popularity of corsets and widened and flounced skirts. Corsets emphasized the waist and â€Å"though criticized as unhealthy, and certainly uncomfortable, corsets were a fashion staple throughout the 19th century granting women social status, respectability, and the idealized figure of youth.†. Skirts were a way to emphasize the waist through the use of bustles, petticoats, hoops or cages. Bustles was a pad that would point out the rear, resulting in the popular appearance of an ideal†¦show more content†¦Mercury hats was another dangerous fashion staple of that time. Hatters used mercury in order to stick together and form felt from the hare and rabbit fur that was used to make the hats. Mercury is ext remely toxic, and inhalation goes straight to the brain. A symptom of the inhalation was trembling; in the town of Danbury, where hat making was a main job, they would call the symptom â€Å"Danbury shakes†. The illness would cause cardiorespiratory problems, loss of teeth, paranoia, and death at early ages. Though these hats were worn by people, the sickness only affected the hat makers, since the hats lining protected the wearer s. Lastly, flammable clothing was a big problem during the victorian era. Many people died by their clothing catching on fire. It was unusual for wide hoop skirts, tulle dresses, and flowing cotton to catch on fire because they were a fire hazard. Even socks were dangerous then, â€Å"socks made with aniline dyes inflamed men’s feet and gave garment workers sores and even bladder cancer†. Furthermore, lead makeup would damage womens wrist nerves, causing them to not be able to raise their hands. Lastly, some women wore celluloid combs in their hair, and if they got too hot they would explode. These were just some examples of how Victorian Era clothing and fashion statements were uncomfortable and dangerous. There were many fashion designers between 1865 and the early 20th century that had a hugeShow MoreRelatedEssay Victorian Era Fashion1834 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction The Victorian Era is a remarkable time in history with the blooming industries, growing population, and a major turnaround in the fashion world. This era was named after Queen Victoria who ruled United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from June 1837 until she passed away 64 years later in January 1901.When Victoria received the crown, popular respect was strikingly low. The lack of respect for the position she had just come into did not diminish her confidence. Instead she won theRead MoreVictorian Influence on Womens Fashions Essay1324 Words   |  6 PagesBefore Research Before the Victorian Era, the main focus of fashion was for men. Women’s’ fashion changed some, but the general idea of long skirts, tight bodices, and heavy fabrics stayed consistent. Real changes to style and fashion were not made until about the 1840’s, when Queen Victoria came into power. After her rise to Queen, the fashions began to change dramatically. Pride and Prejudice is a book written in this time, and the fashion is clearly visible. Looking at fashion of the time can be clearRead MoreThe Corset: Torture Device of Fashion Necessity1645 Words   |  7 PagesWhen looking back on the Victorian era and comparing it to our current age we don’t think that they have much in common. In the last two hundred years the values and attitudes that Americans hold have drastically changed from what they were during that age. Today it’s more common to find someone being rude in public than it is for someone to give a kind complement to a stranger or t o even help someone that has fallen. The Victorian era might seem so far away that it has no effect on society todayRead MoreEssay about Mouring in the Victorian Era1133 Words   |  5 PagesMouring in the Victorian Era The actions of Victorians upon a death is a intricate web of rituals and etiquette. In Vanity Fair, William Thackeray gives modern readers a brief glimpse into deep mourning through Amelia Sedley-Osborne. The idea of deep mourning was introduced by Queen Victoria upon the death of her husband, King Albert, who died of typhoid in 1861. At that time and for forty years after(the time of her death), the Queen mourned the loss of her beloved husband. She commanded herRead MoreBiography Of Vivienne Westwood s Influence On The Modern World1391 Words   |  6 Pageseveryone, and is key to some fashion designers work; Vivienne Westwood is an important example of this. She used history as a starting point for some of her most popular and influential designs. The 19th century pioneers, the Victorian age was the visionary of design; it was the onset of the modern world. The start of a ambitious and forward thinking era which was new and exciting, a new queen, Queen Victoria 1827-1901, changed and inspired the country. It was the fashion, industrial, societal revolutionRead MoreFood as an Important Symbol in the Importance of Being Earnest763 Words   |  4 PagesOscar Wilde uses food as an essential motif /symbol of an act of working out problems. Set in the Victorian era the tea time custom is vastly a part of the play. From the very beginning where Algernon is questioned about the â€Å"cucumber sandwiches† he claims â€Å"I believe it is customary in good society to take some slight refreshment at five o’ clock.†This custom that became increasingly popular in Victorian England was the tradition of taking afternoon tea. This practice was displayed predominately byRead MoreHow The Corset Evolved From A Staple Of The British Feminine Wardrobe1627 Words   |  7 Pagesto towards ‘opulent androgyny’ in the 1920’s. Finally I will examine the resurgence of the corset as a fashion item in the works of the designer Jean Paul Gautier. In the Victorian era the corset was an established part of couture: I will look at its aesthetic appeal and other key factors in its popularity. 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However, if I was edgy Aaliyah for Halloween in prior decades, I would have been seen as a social abomination because women and men did not wear each other’s clothing. Gender roles has always been expressed through fashion and as gender roles continue to progress so does the dance costuming. After analyzing the Waltz, Salsa, and, Hip Hop dance cultures, I have noticed that the female costuming traditionally represented women being submissive and socially inferior toRead MoreThe Victorian Er Collin s Challenging Traditional Gender Roles1615 Words   |  7 PagesThe Victorian Era: Collin’s Challenging Traditional Gender Roles In 1868, British author Wilkie Collins wrote what is now famously known as one of the first full-length detective stories, The Moonstone. Within this text, he explores and transcends his writing style, as he created an atmosphere full of suspense and gothic tradition by making use of two genres famous in the Victorian Era (Ayton, 2). As Collins managed to challenge the roles of men and women within The Moonstone, he ultimately attempts

Drug Prevention Program Free Essays

string(57) " problems or else it will affect our future generations\." Business Concept Proposal| Drug Prevention Program For| Executive summary This report is a business concept proposal that will help us develop a business plan for our organization which is NBK and that eventually will benefit them. The CSR project that we have chosen is a â€Å"Drug Prevention Program† that will benefit both NBK and society. In this proposal we first gave a small introduction about the company and what other CSRs the company is doing and then we included our aim and purpose of this project which is to increase the awareness level about this problem and provide some possible solutions and also to break all the cultural and society barriers about this specific issue. We will write a custom essay sample on Drug Prevention Program or any similar topic only for you Order Now Then we went on our 4 SMART objectives which are what exactly we are aiming to achieve by the end of the project. In order for us to analysis the market for our proposal we did a Macro and Micro analysis that will help us determine what is our strength and weakness points and what could be the opportunities and threats that we are facing. Another important part of this proposal is the financial projections. We did an estimated budget including profit and loss account and cash flow. After that we mentioned the requirements considered to ensure our project can be implemented like the logistical and operational requirements and how this may impact on the success of our project. In the viability part we showed our costs and benefit to the organization and its return on investment. Last but not least we talked about the competitive and economic viability on how the different activities that we do will mark us as a strong competitor in the business and on an economic perspective this project is going to benefit the economy as it will provide new jobs for Kuwaiti people and even give them the opportunity to work at NBK. Introduction National Bank of Kuwait is holding an event called â€Å"Drugs Prevention program†. This program is nonprofit event. This event is setup to spread awareness and take an actual action to people on drugs; or people that doesn’t know about drugs. Many people don’t release how it’s dangerous, serious issue and can cause death. Drug prevention program is will be arrange to give advices and nonprofit rehabs that can be beneficial for drug addicts. Those rehabs will be very helpful to the addicts we as the drug prevention program organizers will provides brochures with full details and contact information. Why we chose NBK? NBK is the oldest bank in Kuwait and it has a very good reputation. Also it has been through a lot of CSR events in various sectors. The campaigns NBK did are Support of National Labor is our first priority, environmental initiative, health care initiative, sport initiative and contributions, education initiative, social care and philanthropic initiative, and conferences and seminars. The activities lies under the support of National Labor are NBK Academy, which intensive training for fresh graduate that joined the bank and High flier’s leadership program; this program is to develop future leaders. As for environmental initiatives activities are hand-in-hand to preserve our beaches, this campaign launch to clean the beaches of Kuwait and Put your energy into saving energy NBK commenced its energy saving awareness campaign: ‘Put your energy into saving energy’, with staff and summer interns from NBK giving away more than 10,000 long life energy-saving light bulbs at the Avenues Mall. Health care initiative campaigns are breast cancer awareness give discounts for female employees to have a checkups and lectures and seminars for awareness and blood donation; many NBK employees donated blood for the blood hospital in Kuwait. Sport initiative and contribution NBK organized walkathon to encourage people to have a better health and lifestyle. Whereas for education initiative; NBK has hosted high schools and universities to learn day to day operations. Social and philanthropic initiative events done by NBK are Do Good Deeds in Ramdan this campaign offer free ftr banquets and Somalia famine relief campaign was launched to donate money. The last but not least the conferences and seminars which were set to increase awareness about currents issue in the society. One of the seminars was on the Global Financial Crisis and its Impact on the Region; which discussed the international outlook. Aim of the project The aim of this project â€Å"Drug Prevention Program† is to benefit the society and this fits in with NBK’s mission statement, which is to serve the national needs as a priority. This program will be good for the society as it will increase the awareness level by defining the problem, which is drug usage and then it introduces society to the ways they or the people they know can prevent it and help them find possible solutions and lead them to the right places where they can find treatments. After we make sure people have enough knowledge to prevent this problem, we can expect drug usage to decrease, because they have been introduced to this problem and know all the negatives effects drugs have on the human body. There are a lot of controversial issues in our society and drugs is one of them, so it is very important to bring this topic up to the public and let them know that there is no shame for a drug abuser to admit that they have a problem and that they need to seek therapy. There are also a lot of cultural and traditional barriers that could affect the processing of this program, so our goal is to breach and break all these barriers and expose a problem that is considered as a â€Å"Taboo† topic. It is essential to make a step now, because as we all see, it is a growing issue and the accessibility for drugs is really easy nowadays, that is why our society needs to open up their minds to these kind of problems or else it will affect our future generations. You read "Drug Prevention Program" in category "Essay examples" Key Objectives Setting objectives is really important for any organization or a project because it will let us know what we are trying to achieve and it will increase our chances of success. Our objectives will deliver major benefits to this program and the most important one that it will define the purpose of this project. We set for our project 4 different objectives for our program (Operational, Marketing, Financial and CSR) and they are all SMART objectives. * Operational Objective: Conduct a seminar every two week in a different location each time while having diverse guest speakers in each location. Marketing Objective: To increase awareness and publicity of the program through sponsored events and media notifications by 20% within the next 3 months. * Financial Objective: To increase customer base of the firm by 7% by the end of the program as a result of the program’s positive effect on society. * CSR Objective: Increase community welfare by decreasing level of society’s drug administration 15% by the end of program. Having these objectives is like a powerful tool that will help us succeed and it will keep our team motivated and seeks more accomplishments. Feasibility Analysis Macro Before venturing into a new project, it is important to assess the external environment of a business and what possible impacts can affect the project. The threats and opportunities are external factors that guide a project towards taking certain decisions over others. Social factors: Kuwait, as compared to the rest of the world, receives a generally higher average income. This shows that the majority of the population in Kuwait is on the higher side of the income range. Within the lifestyle changes are the increasing popularity of social media and its different usages within societies. It is a powerful tool to reach as many people within society as possible. Social trends in Kuwait can affect the way people look at the Drug Prevention Program (DPP). Since drug abuse is a taboo topic, tackling it publicly would face some kind of hesitance by the public. Ensuring that local positive public figures as a part of our program would change the attitudes of people in Kuwait. It would garner more publicity and receive more entrants within the program. Technological factors: The increasing usage of technology in these times means more coverage for the DPP. People surfing the net, using social media and/or browsing through the various forms of technologies can find (or be exposed to) items and events that are happening around them and more information about each finding. In order to reach a bigger range of people, the program needs to be technologically updated in terms of websites, social media and pop-up ads if necessary. Technology must also be used to enhance the quality of whatever is being presented and also to improve the organization and efficiency of what is being accomplished. There is no firm, program or organization deemed to be successful without the usage of thorough technology. The marketplace for whatever that needs to be launched today needs strict technological requirements that need to be met so that it can connect to a wider audience. Environmental factors: There are many factors that influence industries and the industries affected by environmental factors (weather and climate changes) include tourism, agriculture and economic industries. However, there should not be much stress on what environmental aspects can affect the DPP because its nature is not affected by climate changes. As long as there will not be any significant hazard, the environmental factors can be considered as off the radar for this type of DPP. Economic factors: An economy affects the way a society behave and it obviously alternate their decisions depending upon how high or low it is. If the local economy has resulted in higher interest rates, this will mean that firms will be less likely to invest in what might seem like an unpredictable gamble. This DPP needs sponsorship and is based on fund-raiser events to continue the progress of the program, and not much participation will happen if the economic times are low. Another factor of economy is the strength of the currency. Kuwait has a very strong currency and its affects import/export activities, but that will not be an issue because the program does not need much of these activities. If inflation occurs, staff will need higher salaries and this will affect the planned budget. The salaries need to be raised so that the staff can be satisfied when being compared to other raised salaries within the fields and industries. Political factors: When political factors are mentioned, one automatically thinks of the laws and regulations that restrict an action or a project from fully taking shape. Since drug abuse is a taboo topic, there are bound to be limits to what can be done through the project. The law in Kuwait prohibits the live showcase of drugs and substances that can be abused. This can somewhat hinder our performance because it will limit what the group can show a live audience to enlighten them on what needs to be stayed away from. If guest speakers in the form of previous users need to be brought in to enlighten the participants, there will be restrictions due to the law not allowing prisoners to exit their cells and talk about experiences only once their period is over. This means that only ex-abusers who have finished their trials and prison time can enlighten the participants, the newly caught addicts will not be able to. It must be noted that the DPP will not focus much on current abusers who were caught abusing rather than those who willingly wanted to quit drug and substance abuse. Before continuing further with this project, legal framework needs to be conducted so that the project is validated and under the microscopic view of the government ensuring that no illegal limits are surpassed. Legal factors: Laws banning against age and race discrimination will not affect the DPP heavily as the participation has no kind of restriction whatsoever. A participant does not even have to be an abuser, or even in contact with one. Since the jobs offered to the staff will not be permanent, there will not be a minimum wage assigned to what the individual salary amount is. There is a law in Kuwait that states: any Kuwaiti national working in the private sector will receive a fixed amount each month as an addition to what a firm is handing over as a salary. This law will not be applied to the DPP because the vacant jobs offered are not permanent positions; it is only in the duration of the events that the assigned staff will be a part of the program. Permission needs to be granted from the governmental censors to give the program the green light to go ahead with the project. After permission has been granted, the banquet hall owners need to be aware of the purpose and activities of the DPP. Macro SWOT Analysis Strengths: * Controversial * Good Cause * Society’s Benefit Weaknesses: * No monetary ROI Costly * Taboo Opportunities: * Program Expansion * Rehab Formation * Brand Image Threats: * Public Decline * Influential Competition * Insufficient funding to continue This drug prevention program has strengths and weakness. The strengths are it controversial many people might disagree to expose the idea or issue; which is currently available and increasing radically. The good cause is that it spreading awareness and leading drug addi cts to the right direction. This will benefit the society by having a better living and health. The weakness are that there aren’t monetary ROI; zero profit and it cost a lot there will be a loss in return because this campaign is setup to have better youth to have better society. Its taboo because people in the Arab region see it as shame and don’t attempt that it exists. There are many opportunities for the program; which are to expand the program and format a rehab and boost brand image. The threats are the public decline which is the society not accepting the idea. Influential competition is another threat which other companies or banks can launch a campaign similar to ours. The last threat is the insufficient funding; not having enough money or if NBK stops funding us. NBK’s CSR programs are successful due to the reason that it encompasses as many fields as it can possibly be a positive addition to. The strengths are the variety of areas that NBK is participating in to achieve and maintain an improved society. It has a diverse selection of activities: social, educational, philanthropic, sports-related and more. NBK has built a positive reputation for itself as a pioneer in merging its daily activities along with CSR activities for the improvement of society. Currently, a weakness is that NBK is not a part of any project or program that supports the fight against drug and substance abuse. The DPP is the right step and opportunity to turn this weakness into strength. Another weakness for the CSR of NBK is that it does not necessarily include the entire society. Without this program, people into drug and substance abuse are sidelined and not given any help or guidance. The opportunities resulting from external factors are that NBK can further push its CSR boundaries and continue in pursuing other untapped fields that need to be brought to the general public’s eye. NBK releases a CSR annual report that showcases their social responsibilities towards society. It lists what NBK has done the previous year in terms of initiatives and activities. This shows how the private sectors in Kuwait are competing to be the best CSR champions with the most good done to society. This benefits the society more than it benefits the firms competing to help and improve. An opportunity in the form of program continual rises due to the strong need for initiatives upping society’s standards. The next phase of the project can be adopted by NBK’s rival if the program proves to be a success. Drug and substance abuse is a taboo topic in Kuwait even today. Not wholeheartedly knowing what the general public’s reaction is means that a threat is opposing the DPP. There are bound to be people who do not want to associate themselves with taboo topics such as drugs which mean that there will be some kind of a decline from a section of the public. It is vital to assess how the threats and weaknesses fare against the strengths and opportunities of this program. Financial Projections Cash flow| |   | Year 1| Year 2| Year 3| | | | | |   | Net profit| | | 105,050 | 105,050 | 105,050 | Depreciation| | | 105,050 | 105,050 | 105,050 | Office Rent| | | 2,100 | 2,100 | 2,100 | Media costs| | | 93,500 | 93,500 | 93,500 | Staff| | | 11,000 | 11,000 | 11,000 | Transportation| | | 200 | 200 | 200 | Cash profits| | | 0 | 0 | 0 | Increase in CA| | | n/a| n/a| n/a| Net cash from operating activities| | | 0 | 0 | 0 | Renovations| | | 0 | 0 | 0 | change in FA| | | (850,000)|   |   | Net cash after investing activities| | | (850,000)| 0 | 0 | Capital induction| | | 105,050 | 0 | 0 | change in advance rentals| | | 6,300 | (417,600)| (104,400)| Net increase in cash| | | (738,650)| (417,600)| (104,400)| | | | | |   | Opening cash balance| | | 0 | (738,650)| (1,156,250)| Closing cash balance| | | (738,650)| (1,156,250)| (1,260,650)| | | | | | | | | | (745,350)| (1,281,750)| (1,831,890)| | | | | | | Net Profit| |   | 26,933 | 479,733 | 493,473 | Inv Capital|   | | 0| 0| 0| ROI|   | | #DIV/0! | #DIV/0! | #DIV/0! | | | | | | | Net cashflow from operations| | | 26,933 | 479,733 | 493,473 |   | | | | | | | | | | | | Requirements In order for the project to be implemented, there are a few requirements that need to be taken in to consideration. To further promote this program, it has been decided that seminars will be held at different schools and universities. To proceed with this we will need knowledgeable staff or speakers, and/or former addicts to speak at these seminars. Another requirement would be setting up booths and banners in Avenues, Marina Mall, and 360. Also for spreading the word about this program in less expensive way we will be designing different brochures and handing them out at the seminars and booths. Some of the other activities that will be done are fundraisers and getting different sponsorship’s to boost the program. For this to be done operationally speaking we will need sufficient staff to arry out the tasks and/or guest speakers, money for printing and equipment, vehicles, and having meetings and presentations. The staff will need to be able to design the brochures and banners, set up booths, and be knowledgeable about the program to deliver the message in meetings and presentations. Like most projects money is a key factor to get the job done. We will need money for gas, staff, printing, and other equipme nt. Technically the program is going to require computers for emailing and organizing with school officials and NBK members also to stay financially organized with sufficient data. For this program to run smoothly we must also focus on logistics. Organization and planning are a must for determining which schools or universities and which dates are the most appropriate and effective. As mentioned earlier the three malls were chosen for the banners and booths, because they are the most popular and seem to be the most effective for reaching the target audience. Some good locations for the seminars could be reception halls and popular locations that can be rented, for the presentations and meetings on the other the NBK meeting room seems to be most suitable for our program. Viability In terms of Return on Investment Viability, our project will not be gaining any monetary returns directly since it is a non-profit program. For the ROI formula we will calculate zero (no profit) divided by 105,050 (for one year) which will be equal to zero percent financial gain. The total investment required is 315,150 for the three years of the program. Our ROI for the first year will be zero. Competitive Viability Like any project, the Drug program will need to be viable and sustainable with regards to competition. This means that our program can survive long-term and eventually gain profit while competing with similar programs in Kuwait. In Kuwait however, there is already some competition. One major competitor is the National Anti-Drug Committee. This committee was founded in 1989, and their main goals are similar to our program’s goals, which are to focus on the youth and the protection of the health of society. Also similar to our goals is the fact that they are trying to introduce some awareness amongst the education fields. Although there is some competition already in the market, we believe that program can become more competitive nce introduced, because we will be working with NBK which is a very popular bank, especially among the youth. The National Anti-Drug Committee is not well known in Kuwait, yet has been around for many years. Although this is true about the National Anti-Drug Committee, our program will still have a competitive advantage working with NBK. Also we are goin g to be introducing many guest speakers at different seminars through different schools. We will be bringing people who have abused drugs and overcame these issues, which will have a great impact on people in a society like Kuwait. Another thing that our program is going to offer is setting up different fundraisers throughout Kuwait to raise awareness about the serious nature of drug abuse. These different activities that our project will be conducting will give our company and program a more competitive edge in the market. Economic Viability In order for our drug program to be viable economically, it will need to create different job opportunities and possibly attract people to work at NBK. This program is an extremely controversial activity in a society like Kuwait where the issue of drugs and drug abuse is a taboo subject. By confronting the matter and showing people how serious and spread out this problem is in Kuwait already, we can show people that NBK cares about this and is not afraid to be associated with fighting it. The project for NBK will require staff and/or volunteers. This will create job openings for anyone interested. It may even attract people to work for NBK, because it shows that they care about and are giving back to society. This further promotes NBK’s vision to benefit the society where they function. References * Fattahova, N. (2012). Awareness campaign to prevent drug abuse . ttp://news. kuwaittimes. net/2012/08/22/awareness-campaign-to-prevent-drug-abuse/. Last accessed 11th Nov 2012. * Kuwait. nbk. (2012). About NBK. http://www. kuwait. nbk. com/about/disclosures/default_en_gb. aspx. Last accessed 10th Nov 2012. * Murray, J. (2012). Viability (of a business). http://biztaxlaw. about. com/od/glossaryv/g/viability. htm. Last accessed 9th Nov 2012. * Vyakarnam, S . Writing a business plan, clarification and preparation – the market approach. http://https://docs. google. com/viewer/. Last accessed 14th Nov 2012 Appendix Cashflow| |   | Year 1| Year 2| Year 3| | | | | |   | Net profit| | | 105,050 | 105,050 | 105,050 | Depreciation| | | 105,050 | 105,050 | 105,050 | Office Rent| | | 2,100 | 2,100 | 2,100 | Media costs| | | 93,500 | 93,500 | 93,500 | Staff| | | 11,000 | 11,000 | 11,000 | Transportation| | | 200 | 200 | 200 | Cash profits| | | 0 | 0 | 0 | Increasein CA| | | n/a| n/a| n/a| Net cash from operating activities| | | 0 | 0 | 0 | Renovations| | | 0 | 0 | 0 | change in FA| | | (850,000)|   |   | Net cash after investing activities| | | (850,000)| 0 | 0 | Capital induction| | | 105,050 | 0 | 0 | hange in advance rentals| | | 6,300 | (417,600)| (104,400)| Net increase in cash| | | (738,650)| (417,600)| (104,400)| | | | | |   | Opening cash balance| | | 0 | (738,650)| (1,156,250)| Closing cash balance| | | (738,650)| (1,156,250)| (1,260,650)| | | | | | | | | | (745,350)| (1,281,750)| (1,831,890)| | | | | | | Net Profit| |   | 26,933 | 479,733 | 493,473 | Inv Capital|   | | 0| 0| 0| ROI|   | | #DIV/0! | #DIV/0! | #DIV/0! | | | | | | | Net cashflow from operations| | | 26,933 | 479,733 | 493,473 |   | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ROI Calculation Amount of Financial Gain Total Investment Amount 0 0 105. 050 How to cite Drug Prevention Program, Essay examples

IS 490 Essays - Computer Graphics, Computer Animation, 3D Modeling

IS 490 SPECIAL TOPICS Computer Graphics May 6, 1996 Table of Contents Introduction3 How It Was3 How It All Began4 Times Were Changing6 Industry's First Attempts7 The Second Wave10 How the Magic is Made11 Modeling12 Animation13 Rendering13 Conclusion15 Bibliography16 Introduction Hollywood has gone digital, and the old ways of doing things are dying. Animation and special effects created with computers have been embraced by television networks, advertisers, and movie studios alike. Film editors, who for decades worked by painstakingly cutting and gluing film segments together, are now sitting in front of computer screens. There, they edit entire features while adding sound that is not only stored digitally, but also has been created and manipulated with computers. Viewers are witnessing the results of all this in the form of stories and experiences that they never dreamed of before. Perhaps the most surprising aspect of all this, however, is that the entire digital effects and animation industry is still in its infancy. The future looks bright. How It Was In the beginning, computer graphics were as cumbersome and as hard to control as dinosaurs must have been in their own time. Like dinosaurs, the hardware systems, or muscles, of early computer graphics were huge and ungainly. The machines often filled entire buildings. Also like dinosaurs, the software programs or brains of computer graphics were hopelessly underdeveloped. Fortunately for the visual arts, the evolution of both brains and brawn of computer graphics did not take eons to develop. It has, instead, taken only three decades to move from science fiction to current technological trends. With computers out of the stone age, we have moved into the leading edge of the silicon era. Imagine sitting at a computer without any visual feedback on a monitor. There would be no spreadsheets, no word processors, not even simple games like solitaire. This is what it was like in the early days of computers. The only way to interact with a computer at that time was through toggle switches, flashing lights, punchcards, and Teletype printouts. How It All Began In 1962, all this began to change. In that year, Ivan Sutherland, a Ph.D. student at (MIT), created the science of computer graphics. For his dissertation, he wrote a program called Sketchpad that allowed him to draw lines of light directly on a cathode ray tube (CRT). The results were simple and primitive. They were a cube, a series of lines, and groups of geometric shapes. This offered an entirely new vision on how computers could be used. In 1964, Sutherland teamed up with Dr. David Evans at the University of Utah to develop the world's first academic computer graphics department. Their goal was to attract only the most gifted students from across the country by creating a unique department that combined hard science with the creative arts. They new they were starting a brand new industry and wanted people who would be able to lead that industry out of its infancy. Out of this unique mix of science and art, a basic understanding of computer graphics began to grow. Algorithms for the creation of solid objects, their modeling, lighting, and shading were developed. This is the roots virtually every aspect of today's computer graphics industry is based on. Everything from desktop publishing to virtual reality find their beginnings in the basic research that came out of the University of Utah in the 60's and 70's. During this time, Evans and Sutherland also founded the first computer graphics company. Aptly named Evans & Sutherland (E&S), the company was established in 1968 and rolled out its first computer graphics systems in 1969. Up until this time, the only computers available that could create pictures were custom-designed for the military and prohibitively expensive. E&S's computer system could draw wireframe images extremely rapidly, and was the first commercial "workstation" created for computer-aided design (CAD). It found its earliest customers in both the automotive and aerospace industries. Times Were Changing Throughout its early years, the University of Utah's Computer Science Department was generously supported by a series of research grants from the Department of Defense. The 1970's, with its anti-war and anti-military protests, brought increasing restriction to the flows of academic grants, which had a direct impact on the Utah department's ability to carry out research. Fortunately, as the program wound down, Dr. Alexander Schure, founder and president of New York Institute of Technology (NYIT), stepped forward with his dream of creating computer-animated feature films. To accomplish this task, Schure hired Edwin Catmull, a University of Utah Ph.D., to head the NYIT computer